Ayuda oficial al desarrollo para América Latina y el Caribe en el punto de inflexión del milenio

Los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) han sido importantes receptores de AOD desde la creación del Comité de Ayuda al Desarrollo de la OCDE. No obstante, su participación en el sistema de ayuda ha sufrido una alteración formidable a lo largo del tiempo, especialmente en los primeros años del siglo XXI. Esta alteración no se debe tanto al progreso económico logrado por la región como a los cambios introducidos en la agenda internacional de desarrollo. La estrategia de los ODM concede especial atención a los países donde se encuentran las grandes brechas carenciales que desafían la consecución universal de los objetivos, lo que motiva un proceso de reasignación de la ayuda desde los países de desarrollo intermedio hacia los países más pobres. En este contexto, dado el positivo avance de ALC en los ODM, el nuevo trazado del mapamundi de la ayuda aminora la importancia de esta región. El presente artículo ofrece un análisis exhaustivo de los flujos de AOD desembolsados a ALC desde 1990, indaga en las implicaciones de los ODM para la participación de la región, y ofrece propuestas de reforma para construir un sistema de ayuda más eficiente, que compense la pérdida de volumen con incrementos en calidad e impacto de los recursos.América Latina y el Caribe, ayuda oficial al desarrollo (AOD), agenda internacional de desarrollo, Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM), eficacia de la ayuda

América Latina y el Caribe: ayuda oficial al desarrollo en el punto de inflexión del milenio

RESUMEN. Los países de América Latina y El Caribe (alc) han sido importantes receptores de aod desde la creación del Comité de Ayuda al Desarrollo de la ocde. No obstante, su participación en el sistema de ayuda se ha visto alterada en los primeros años del siglo xxi como consecuencia de los cambios introducidos en la agenda internacional de desarrollo. La estrategia de los odm concede especial atención a los países que retrasan la consecución universal de los objetivos, lo que motiva la reasignación de la ayuda desde los países de desarrollo intermedio hacia los países más pobres. En este contexto, dado el positivo avance de alc en los odm, el nuevo mapamundi de la ayuda aminora la importancia de la región. Este artículo analiza los flujos de aod desembolsados a alc desde 1990 y ofrece propuestas de reforma para construir un sistema de ayuda más eficiente, que compense la pérdida de volumen con incrementos en calidad.ABSTRACT. The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have been large recipients of official development aid (ODA) since the creation of the OECD’s Development Aid Committee. Nevertheless, their participation in the aid system has changed in the opening years of the 21st century as a consequence of changes introduced in the international development agenda. The millennium development goals (MDG) strategy concedes special attention to countries that challenge the universal securing of the goals, leading to the reallocation of aid from the countries with intermediate levels of development to the poorest countries. In this context, given the positive advance of the LAC in the MDG, the new world aid map reduces the importance of the region. This article analyzes the ODA flows sent to LAC since 1990 and provides proposals for reform to build a system of aid that is more efficient, offsetting the loss of volume with increases in quality. Key terms. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), official development aid (ODA), international development agenda, millennium development goals (MDG), effectiveness of aid.RÉSUMÉ. Les pays d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes (ALC) ont été d’importants récepteurs de l’aide officielle au développement (AOD) depuis la création du Comité d’aide au développement de l’OCDE. Néanmoins, leur participation au système d’aide s’est vu altérée au cours des premières années du XXIème siècle du fait des changements effectués dans l’agenda international de développement. La stratégie des objectifs de développement du millénaire (ODM) accorde une attention particulière aux pays qui représentent un défi pour la réalisation universelle des objectifs, ce qui motive la réassignation de l’aide des pays de développement intermédiaire vers les pays les plus pauvres. Dans ce contexte, étant donné l’avancée positive de l’ALC dans les ODM, la nouvelle mappemonde de l’aide réduit l’importance de la région. Cet article analyse les flux de AOD versées en ALC depuis 1990 et fournit des propositions de réforme pour construire un système d’aide plus efficient, qui compense la perte de volume par des élévations de la qualité. Mots clefs : Amérique latine et les Caraïbes (ALC), aide officielle au développement (AOD), agenda international de développement, objectifs de développement du millénaire (ODM), efficacité de l’aide.RESUMO. Os países de América Latina e Caribe (ALC) foram importantes receptores da ajuda oficial ao desenvolvimento (AOD) desde a criação do Comitê de Ajuda ao Desenvolvimento da OCDE. Não obstante, sua participação no sistema de ajuda se viu alterada nos primeiros anos do Século XXI como conseqüência das mudanças introduzidas na agenda internacional do desenvolvimento. A estratégia dos Objetivos do Milênio (ODM) dá especial atenção aos países que desafiam a consecução universal dos objetivos, o que motiva a reorientação da ajuda destinada aos países de desenvolvimento intermediário para os países mais pobres. Neste contexto, dada a evolução positiva de ALC nos ODM, o novo mapamundi da ajuda diminui a importância da região. Este artigo analisa os fluxos de AOD desembolsados para ALC desde 1990 e oferece propostas de reforma para construir um sistema de ajuda mais eficiente, que compense a perda de volume com incrementos de qualidade. Palavras-chave: América Latina e Caribe (ALC), ajuda oficial ao desenvolvimento (AOD), agenda internacional de desenvolvimento, Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM), eficácia da ajuda

TARTESSUS: A customized electrospun drug delivery system loaded with Irinotecan for Local and sustained chemotherapy release in pancreatic cancer

Post-surgical chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer has notorious side effects due to the high dose required. Multiple devices have been designed to tackle this aspect and achieve a delayed drug release. This study aimed to explore the controlled and sustained local delivery of a reduced drug dose from an irinotecan-loaded electrospun nanofiber membrane (named TARTESSUS) that can be placed on the patients' tissue after tumor resection surgery. The drug delivery system formulation was made of polycaprolactone (PCL). The mechanical properties and the release kinetics of the drug were adjusted by the electrospinning parameters and by the polymer ratio between 10 w.t.% and 14 w.t.% of PCL in formic acid:acetic acid:chloroform (47.5:47.5:5). The irinotecan release analysis was performed and three different release periods were obtained, depending on the concentration of the polymer in the dissolution. The TARTESSUS device was tested in 2D and 3D cell cultures and it demonstrated a decrease in cell viability in 2D culture between 72 h and day 7 from the start of treatment. In 3D culture, a decrease in viability was seen between 72 h, day 7 (p < 0.001), day 10 (p < 0.001), 14 (p < 0.001), and day 17 (p = 0.003) as well as a decrease in proliferation between 72 h and day 10 (p = 0.030) and a reduction in spheroid size during days 10 (p = 0.001), 14 (p < 0.001), and 17 (p < 0.001). In conclusion, TARTESSUS showed a successful encapsulation of a chemotherapeutic drug and a sustained and delayed release with an adjustable releasing period to optimize the therapeutic effect in pancreatic cancer treatment

Performance of current guidelines for diagnosis of macrophage activation syndrome complicating systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2014 by the American College of Rheumatology.Results The study sample included 362 patients with systemic JIA and MAS, 404 patients with active systemic JIA without MAS, and 345 patients with systemic infection. The best capacity to differentiate MAS from systemic JIA without MAS was found when the preliminary MAS guidelines were applied. The 3/5-adapted HLH-2004 guidelines performed better than the 4/5-adapted guidelines in distinguishing MAS from active systemic JIA without MAS. The 3/5-adapted HLH-2004 guidelines and the preliminary MAS guidelines with the addition of ferritin levels ≥500 ng/ml discriminated best between MAS and systemic infections. Conclusion The preliminary MAS guidelines showed the strongest ability to identify MAS in systemic JIA. The addition of hyperferritinemia enhanced their capacity to differentiate MAS from systemic infections. The HLH-2004 guidelines are likely not appropriate for identification of MAS in children with systemic JIA. Objective To compare the capacity of the 2004 diagnostic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH-2004) with the capacity of the preliminary diagnostic guidelines for systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) to discriminate MAS complicating systemic JIA from 2 potentially confusable conditions, represented by active systemic JIA without MAS and systemic infection. Methods International pediatric rheumatologists and hemato-oncologists were asked to retrospectively collect clinical information from patients with systemic JIA-associated MAS and confusable conditions. The ability of the guidelines to differentiate MAS from the control diseases was evaluated by calculating the sensitivity and specificity of each set of guidelines and the kappa statistics for concordance with the physician's diagnosis. Owing to the fact that not all patients were assessed for hemophagocytosis on bone marrow aspirates and given the lack of data on natural killer cell activity and soluble CD25 levels, the HLH-2004 guidelines were adapted to enable the diagnosis of MAS when 3 of 5 of the remaining items (3/5-adapted) or 4 of 5 of the remaining items (4/5-adapted) were present.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements